La dermatite atopica (D.A.) è una malattia ad etiopatogenesi multifattoriale che si contraddistingue, sul piano clinico, per lesioni eczematose intensamente pruriginose ad evoluzione cronico-recidivante, dry skin and generalized hypersensitivity of the skin.
represents one of the most common diseases of childhood with an incidence of 10% and only 2% of the cases makes its appearance during adolescence and into adulthood. Both sexes are affected with equal frequency. The DA
occurs on a strong genetic and family history of this disease or other diseases alergiche (asthma, rhinitis, eye-hand) is positive. In addition to specific allergic reaction in patients with DA, there is a defect of the skin surface, which leads to a reduction of the physiological barrier function of the same, making it easier penetration of allergens, irritant substances, and bacteria. L’alterazione immunitaria su base genetica con predisposizione allo sviluppo di allergie assieme all’alterazione della barriera cutanea portano ad un’aggravamento della dermatite e creano un circolo vizioso complesso e che si automantiene. L’esposizione ad alcuni fattori ambientali (luoghi polversi, animali domestici, fumo), sudorazione, freddo o fattori psicologici (nervosismo, stress) possono scatenare e/o aggravare la dermatite.
Nei primi mesi di vita la D.A. si manifesta soprattutto sul cuoio capelluto e sul viso con chiazze eritematose con piccole vescicole molto pruriginose. Col passare dei mesi e degli anni le lesioni tendono a localizzarsi più spesso alle pieghe di gomiti e ginocchia, polsi, caviglie, collo ed limbs. The lesions are also more "dry" than exuding early childhood and may be accompanied by thickening of the skin with painful fissures. However, the itch is always there, consistently, and very intense, in every stage of development and has a crucial role on the quality of life, because it causes the need to scratch constantly, causing restlessness, nervousness, insomnia and depression, until, in severe cases, situations where the person with the illness, expulsion from the working and social life in general.
As mentioned at the beginning, the course of DA, both in children and in adults, is characterized by a chronic-relapsing phases of improvement that alternates with periods of worsening symptoms, which play a role in precipitating psychological factors, dietary, infectious and environmental concerns. In addition, a certain percentage of cases, you can achieve the so-called "allergic march" that is the appearance of new allergies and the interest of other organs and systems, with admixture of allergic dermatitis skin and respiratory allergies.
The diagnosis of AD is based almost exclusively on the clinical and the most important criteria are itching, appearance and location of lesions, the chronic-relapsing and personal or family history of atopy. Given the nature
this allergic dermatitis, in addition to clinical evaluation, we will make all the allergy testing.
Treatment is only symptomatic, it is not possible the ultimate healing, and focuses on the reduction of itching and scratching. It 'important that, in addition to medical treatment, all measures are taken hygienic and environmental and dietary factors to minimize the triggers.
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